Mit Georg Lukacs war Harich eng befreundet. In den funfziger Jahren arbeiteten die beiden zusammen, Harich war im Aufbau-Verlag fur die Bucher von Lukacs verantwortlich und als Chefredakteur der "Deutschen Zeitschrift fur Philosophie" fur dessen Aufsatze. Die Wirkung des ungarischen Philosophen in der DDR wurde massgeblich durch Harich gestaltet. Dabei vertraten beide ahnliche Ansatze in der Philosophiegeschichte und auch bei der Entwicklung eigenstandiger marxistischer Theorien. Der vorliegende Band druckt eine Vielzahl von Dokumenten, Manuskripten und Gutachten ab, die Harich bis zu (...) den Umbruchen von 1956 uber Lukacs verfasste. Prasentiert werden zudem die meisten Briefe von Harich an seinen Freund und Mitstreiter. Nach 1956 besuchte Lukacs die DDR nie wieder. Der Kontakt zu Harich brach vollig ab. Dieser wirkte ab 1970 aber in der DDR weiter fur seinen fruheren Weggefahrten. In mehreren Eingaben, Briefen usw. mahnte er gegenuber den offiziellen Stellen der DDR "Mehr Respekt vor Lukacs!" an, dies ist ja der Titel seines bedeutenden Aufsatzes. Eine marxistische Philosophie ohne Lukacs, so das Credo von Harich Zeit seines Lebens, sei zum Scheitern verurteilt. (shrink)

Aber nicht den Verdeutlichungen der Denker, sondern dem Deuten der Dichter sind die Not und das Irrsal der Nacht anvertraut. Darum redet Hölderlin den Dichterfreund Wilhelm Heinse an : »Aber Freund! wir kommen zu spät. Zwar leben die Götter Aber über dem Haupt droben in anderer Welt. Endlos wirken sie da und scheinens wenig zu achten, Ob wir leben, so sehr schonen die Himmlischen uns. Denn nicht immer vermag ein schwaches Gefäß sie zu fassen, Nur zu Zeiten erträgt göttliche (...) Fülle der Mensch.« Diese Distichen-Reihe beginnt mit einem zweifachen »Aber« und antwortet so auf jenen Anruf, der zuvor an den Dichter-Genossen gerichtet war : »So komm! daß wir das Offene schauen«. Das Offene ist wie das offene Meer grenzenlos und wie der offene Himmel unverstellt. Das Offene nun, das der vom Dichter- und Nachtgott getriebene Sänger zu schauen aufbricht, ist die grenzenlose Einheit von Himmel und Erde, von Sterblichen und Unsterblichen, in der sich einst der Gott unverstellt zeigte. Aber wir sind Abendländer und Epigonen. Wir kommen zu spät. Das »Brautfest der Götter und Menschen« ist vorüber. Über unser hesperisches Geschlecht ist die Nacht der Götterferne hereingebrochen. (shrink)

Aber nicht den Verdeutlichungen der Denker, sondern dem Deuten der Dichter sind die Not und das Irrsal der Nacht anvertraut. Darum redet Hölderlin den Dichterfreund Wilhelm Heinse an : »Aber Freund! wir kommen zu spät. Zwar leben die Götter Aber über dem Haupt droben in anderer Welt. Endlos wirken sie da und scheinens wenig zu achten, Ob wir leben, so sehr schonen die Himmlischen uns. Denn nicht immer vermag ein schwaches Gefäß sie zu fassen, Nur zu Zeiten erträgt göttliche (...) Fülle der Mensch.« Diese Distichen-Reihe beginnt mit einem zweifachen »Aber« und antwortet so auf jenen Anruf, der zuvor an den Dichter-Genossen gerichtet war : »So komm! daß wir das Offene schauen«. Das Offene ist wie das offene Meer grenzenlos und wie der offene Himmel unverstellt. Das Offene nun, das der vom Dichter- und Nachtgott getriebene Sänger zu schauen aufbricht, ist die grenzenlose Einheit von Himmel und Erde, von Sterblichen und Unsterblichen, in der sich einst der Gott unverstellt zeigte. Aber wir sind Abendländer und Epigonen. Wir kommen zu spät. Das »Brautfest der Götter und Menschen« ist vorüber. Über unser hesperisches Geschlecht ist die Nacht der Götterferne hereingebrochen. (shrink)

Hubertus Kohle ist ein Kunsthistoriker und Hochschullehrer, der sich besonders mit seinen Forschungen zur Kunst der europäischen Aufklärung und des 19. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland einen Namen gemacht hat. Schon früh hat er seine Disziplin digitalen Verfahren und Konzepten geöffnet und setzt sich seit Jahren für das elektronische Publizieren im Open Access ein. Aktuell widmet er sich als einer der beiden Leiter des renommierten DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms „Das digitale Bild“ auch fachübergreifend dem Thema des Digitalen. Anlässlich seines 60. Geburtstags ehren ihn zahlreiche Freunde (...) und akademische Weggefährten mit der vorliegenden Festschrift, die inhaltlich an die Schwerpunkte seines kunsthistorischen Wirkens anknüpft – von den analogen Anfängen, die der Kunst des Aufklärungszeitalters gewidmet waren, bis hin zum aktuellen Feld der „Digitalen Kunstgeschichte“. Diese Festgabe versteht sich als experimentelle Online-Publikation, die dem Jubilar zum Geburtstagstermin in einer ersten Version rein virtuell präsentiert wird. Da es sich dabei bewusst um ein „digital work in progress“ handelt, werden später weitere Beiträge ergänzt (im Inhaltsverzeichnis im unteren Abschnitt zu finden), die die Festschrift zu einem finalen E-Book komplettieren, das dann Ende 2019 parallel auch als eine analoge Buchausgabe erhältlich ist. (shrink)

Celebrated and castigated as the “Hobbes of the twentieth century” and even a modern Machiavelli. Carl Schmitt (1888–1984) is undoubtedly the most controversial legal and political theorist of the twentieth century. He greatly influenced the thinking of such political scientists and political philosophers as Hans J. Morgenthau, Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Leo Strauss, and Julien Freund. But Schmitt always spoke and wrote as a jurist. He grounded his thinking in jurisprudence and was the teacher in the wider sense of (...) such jurists as Ernst‐Wolfgang Böckenförde and Ernst‐Rudolf Huber. (shrink)

Dieses Buch enthält in einer historisch-kritischen Edition die Texte, die es in seinem Hauptteil kommentiert: Das Vorwort (1893) zu Gottlob Freges Hauptwerk, den "Grundgesetzen der Arithmetik", in dem er seine fulminante Psychologismus-Kritik vorträgt; die drei von Frege selbst veröffentlichten "Logischen Untersuchungen" (1918-1923), in denen er "die Ernte [s]eines Lebens heimbringen" wollte; und schließlich ein Fragment aus seinem Nachlass, das der Entwurf zu einer vierten LU ist.

Gnothi sauton - Erkenne dich selbst! Das Streben nach Erkenntnis und Selbsterkenntnis, das nach antiker Auffassung der Gott selbst in dieser Aufforderung dem Menschen ans Herz legt, bildet ein zentrales Moment von Arbogast Schmitts jahrzehntelanger Beschaftigung mit antiker Literatur und Philosophie, die zugleich immer auch eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit modernen Konzepten und Positionen darstellt. Die vorliegende Festschrift vereint zwolf neue Beitrage zur antiken Philosophie, Literatur und Literaturtheorie, in denen Schuler, Freunde und Weggefahrten Arbogast Schmitts dieses Erkenntnisstreben beantworten und fortsetzen. Mit (...) Beitragen von: Wolfgang Bernard, Stefan Buttner, Sabine Follinger, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Andreas Kablitz, Michael Krewet, Joachim Latacz, Thomas Leinkauf, Christian Pietsch, Ernst-Richard Schwinge, Rainer Thiel und Gregor Vogt-Spira. (shrink)

Bolzano's Sätze an sich and Frege's Gedanken are obviously close relatives. The paper underlines both similarities and dissimilarities between the psychological and semantical roles assigned to structured truth-evaluable contents in Bolzano's and Frege's theories. In particular, their different accounts of propositional identity are compared, and it is argued that Dummett's recent criticism of Frege's account is grist to Bolzano's mill.

"A Survey of Ranking Theory": The paper gives an up-to-date survey of ranking theory. It carefully explains the basics. It elaborates on the ranking theoretic explication of reasons and their balance. It explains the dynamics of belief statable in ranking terms and indicates how the ranks can thereby be measured. It suggests how the theory of Bayesian nets can be carried over to ranking theory. It indicates what it might mean to objectify ranks. It discusses the formal and the philosophical (...) aspects of the tight relation and the complementarity of ranks and probabilities. It closes with comparative remarks on predecessors and other philosophical proposals as well as formal models developed in AI. (shrink)

Geleitwort von Prof. P. Nicki -- Dr. Hermann Freund im Gespräch mit Prof. Dr. Dr. Hinderk M. Emrich -- Die Angst und der existentielle Sprung -- Die neue Zeit -- Der gedachte Gott -- Wie kommt das Ich zum Du? - Hysterie als Lebensform -- Was heisst, sich entscheiden? - Zur Theologie der Freiheit -- Re-formation der Reformation -- Das metaphysische und zugleich dämonische Wesen des Schlosses in Franz Kafkas Schloss-Roman -- Nachwort von Wolfgang Teichert: Epiphanie oder wo (...) sprechende Philosophie und Theologie aufhören müssen -- Literatur -- Verzeichnis der Mitwirkenden -- Abbildungsverzeichnis. (shrink)

Anlässlich des 65. Geburtstages von Ingeborg Schüßler haben ihre Kollegen, Freunde und ehemaligen Schüler beschlossen, ihr eine Festschrift zu widmen. Das Buch umfasst 25 Beiträge in Deutsch und Französisch. Der Titel des Bandes, Genealogie des neuzeitlichen Denkens bezeichnet die leitende Perspektive der Beiträge: unter verschiedenen Beleuchtungen geht es jedesmal darum, wie das Denken der Moderne und der Gegenwart die philosophischen Erbschaften, von denen es herkommt, aufnimmt und neu bearbeitet. A l'occasion du soixante-cinquième anniversaire de Madame Ingeborg Schüßler, ses collègues, aims (...) et anciens élèves ont décidé de lui offrir un volume d'hommages, rassemblant vingt-cinq contributions en français et en allemand. Le titre du volume, Généalogie de la pensée moderne, indique l'optique commune aux études réunies : sous diverses perspectives, il s'agit à chaque fois de se demander comment la pensée de la modernité reprend et retravaille les héritages philosophiques dont elle est tributaire. Contributions de / Beiträge von Emil Angehrn, Rudolf Bernet, Raphae͏̈l Célis, Pascal David, Felix Duque, Michael Esfeld, Jean Ferrari, Karen Gloy, Gérard Guest, Michel Herren, Friedrich-Wilhelm von Herrmann, Helmuth Holzhey, Wolfgang Janke, Emmanuel Mejia, Ada Neschke, Thérèse Pentzopoulos-Valalas, Mario Ruggenini, John Sallis, Alexandre Schild, Gerhard Seel, Tiziana Suarez-Nani, Rainer Thurnher, Jean-Marc Tétaz, Ivan Urbancic, Franco Volpi. (shrink)

Concentrating upon applications that are most relevant to modern physics, this valuable book surveys variational principles and examines their relationship to dynamics and quantum theory. Stressing the history and theory of these mathematical concepts rather than the mechanics, the authors provide many insights into the development of quantum mechanics and present much hard-to-find material in a remarkably lucid, compact form. After summarizing the historical background from Pythagoras to Francis Bacon, Professors Yourgrau and Mandelstram cover Fermat's principle of least time, the (...) principle of least action of Maupertuis, development of this principle by Euler and Lagrange, and the equations of Lagrange and Hamilton. Equipped by this thorough preparation to treat variational principles in general, they proceed to derive Hamilton's principle, the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, and Hamilton's canonical equations. An investigation of electrodynamics in Hamiltonian form covers next, followed by a resume of variational principles in classical dynamics. The authors then launch into an analysis of their most significant topics: the relation between variational principles and wave mechanics, and the principles of Feynman and Schwinger in quantum mechanics. Two concluding chapters extend the discussion to hydrodynamics and natural philosophy. Professional physicists, mathematicians, and advanced students with a strong mathematical background will find this stimulating volume invaluable reading. Extremely popular in its hardcover edition, this volume will find even wider appreciation in its first fine inexpensive paperbound edition. (shrink)

Ranking theory delivers an account of iterated contraction; each ranking function induces a specific iterated contraction behavior. The paper shows how to reconstruct a ranking function from its iterated contraction behavior uniquely up to multiplicative constant and thus how to measure ranks on a ratio scale. Thereby, it also shows how to completely axiomatize that behavior. The complete set of laws of iterated contraction it specifies amend the laws hitherto discussed in the literature.

Recently, Bengt Hansson presented a paper about dyadic deontic logic,2 criticizing some purely axiomatic systems of dyadic deontic logic and proposing three purely semantical systems of dyadic deontic logic which he confidently called dyadic standard systems of deontic logic (DSDL1–3). Here I shall discuss the third by far most interesting system DSDL3 which is operating with preference relations. First, I shall describe this semantical system (Sections 1.1–1.3). Then I shall give an axiomatic system (Section 1.4) which is proved to be (...) correct (Section 2) and complete (Section 3) with respect to Hansson's semantics. Finally, in face of these results Hansson's semantics will be discussed from a more intuitive standpoint. After emphasizing its intuitive attractiveness (Section 4.1) I will show that two objections often discussed in connection with preference relations do not apply to it (Section 4.2 and 4.3); more precisely, I will show that the connectedness condition for preference relations can be dropped and that, in a sense, it is not necessary to compare two possible worlds differing in infinitely many respects. (What exactly is meant by this, will become clear later on.) Yet there is a third objection to Hansson's semantics which points to a real intuitive inadequacy of DSDL3. A way of removing this inadequacy, which corresponds to Hansson's own intuitions as well as to familiar metaethical views, is suggested, but not technically realized (Section 4.4). In the last section (section 4.5) I shall briefly show that DSDL3 is decidable, as expected. (shrink)

In this text, a variety of modal logics at the sentential, first-order, and second-order levels are developed with clarity, precision and philosophical insight.

Frege famously endorsed a principle of Thought-Sentence Correspondence that can be spelt out as follows: (Corr1) For all sentences s, for all thoughts t, if r expresses t, then:if a sense is expressed by a part of s then it is part of t, &(Corr2) For all sentences s, for all thoughts t, if s expresses t, then:if a sense is part of t then it is expressed by at least one part of s. He clearly embraces Corr1 when he (...) writes in § 32 of Grundgesetze, vol. I: ‘If a name is part of the name of a trut... (shrink)

& The functional equivalence of overt movements and dynamic imagery is of fundamental importance in neuroscience. Here, we investigated the participation of the neocortical motor areas in a classic task of dynamic imagery, Shepard and Metzler's mental rotation task, by time-resolved single-trial functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The subjects performed the mental-rotation task 16 times, each time with different object pairs. Functional images were acquired for each pair separately, and the onset times and..

Analogical reasoning addresses the question how evidence from various phenomena can be combined and made relevant for theory development and prediction. In the first part of my contribution, I review some influential accounts of analogical reasoning, both historical and contemporary, focusing in particular on Keynes, Carnap, Hesse, and more recently Bartha. In the second part, I sketch a general framework. To this purpose, a distinction between a predictive and a conceptual type of analogical reasoning is introduced. I then take up (...) a common intuition according to which analogical inferences hold if the differences between source and target concern only irrelevant circumstances. I attempt to make this idea more precise by addressing possible objections and in particular by specifying a notion of causal irrelevance based on difference making in homogeneous contexts. (shrink)

The paper argues that Gareth Evans’ argument for transparent self-knowledge is based on a conflation of doxastic transparency with ascriptive transparency. Doxastic transparency means that belief about one’s own doxastic state, e.g., the belief that one thinks that it will rain, can be warranted by ordinary empirical observation, e.g., of the weather. In contrast, ascriptive transparency says that self-ascriptions of belief, e.g., “I believe it will rain”, can be warranted by such observation. We first show that the thesis of doxastic (...) transparency is ill-motivated and then offer a non-epistemic interpretation of ascriptive transparency by reference to the theory of explicit expressive acts: “I think it will rain” requires attendance to the weather because the utterance expresses a belief about the weather, not about ourselves. This will allow us to avoid what is often called “the puzzle of transparent self-knowledge” while remaining faithful to Evans’ linguistic observations. (shrink)

This paper attempts to develop a projectivistic understanding of chance or objective probability or partial determination. It does so by critically examining David Lewis’ philosophy of probability and his defense of Humean Supervenience, building thereupon the constructive projectivistic alternative, which will basically be a suitable reinterpretation of de Finetti’s position. Any treatment of the topic must show how it extends to natural necessity or deterministic laws or full determination in perfect parallel. The paper indicates at the end how this demand (...) can be met. (shrink)

We define classes Φnof formulae of first-order arithmetic with the following properties:(i) Everyφϵ Φnis classically equivalent to a Πn-formula (n≠ 1, Φ1:= Σ1).(ii)(iii)IΠnandiΦn(i.e., Heyting arithmetic with induction schema restricted to Φn-formulae) prove the same Π2-formulae.We further generalize a result by Visser and Wehmeier. namely that prenex induction within intuitionistic arithmetic is rather weak: After closing Φnboth under existential and universal quantification (we call these classes Θn) the corresponding theoriesiΘnstill prove the same Π2-formulae. In a second part we consideriΔ0plus collection-principles. We (...) show that both the provably recursive functions and the provably total functions ofare polynomially bounded. Furthermore we show that the contrapositive of the collection-schema gives rise to instances of the law of excluded middle and hence. (shrink)

We have previously established that [Formula: see text]-comprehension is equivalent to the statement that every dilator has a well-founded Bachmann–Howard fixed point, over [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we show that the base theory can be lowered to [Formula: see text]. We also show that the minimal Bachmann–Howard fixed point of a dilator [Formula: see text] can be represented by a notation system [Formula: see text], which is computable relative to [Formula: see text]. The statement that [Formula: see text] (...) is well founded for any dilator [Formula: see text] will still be equivalent to [Formula: see text]-comprehension. Thus, the latter is split into the computable transformation [Formula: see text] and a statement about the preservation of well-foundedness, over a system of computable mathematics. (shrink)

Concentrating on Weber's engagement with political issues and their influence over his more theoretical concepts, Mommsen offers a critical analysis of Weber's notion of democracy, distinguishing its liberal and elitist features.

This paper deals with Hans Reichenbach's common cause principle. It was propounded by him in, and has been developed and widely applied by Wesley Salmon, e.g. in and. Thus, it has become one of the focal points of the continuing discussion of causation. The paper addresses five questions. Section 1 asks: What does the principle say? And section 2 asks: What is its philosophical significance? The most important question, of course, is this: Is the principle true? To answer that question, (...) however, one must first consider how one might one argue about it at all. One can do so by way of examples, the subject of section 3, or more theoretically, which is the goal of section 4. Based on an explication of probabilistic causation proposed by me in,, and, section 4 shows that a variant of the principle is provable within a classical framework. The question naturally arises whether the proved variant is adequate, or too weak. This is pursued in section 5. My main conclusion will be that some version of Reichenbach's principle is provably true, and others may be. This may seem overly ambitious, but it is not. The paper does not make any progress on essential worries about the common cause principle arising in the quantum domain; it only establishes more rigorously what has been thought to be plausible at least within a classical framework. (shrink)

The paper proposes two principles of coherence (thus taking up work started in Spohn (1991) "A Reason for Explanation: Explanations Provide Stable Reasons"). The latter indeed serves as a weak, but precise explication of the notion of coherence as it is used in the current epistemological discussion. After discussing their epistemological setting, the paper considers four ways of establishing these principles. They may be inferred neither from enumerative induction, nor from the nature of propositions as objects of belief, nor in (...) a Kantian way from self-consciousness. Rather, I propose a fairly rigorous way to infer them from an even more fundamental rationality principle of non-dogmatism and an elementary theory of perception. (shrink)

We examine the performance of some standard causal discovery algorithms, both constraint-based and score-based, from the perspective of how robust they are against failures of the Causal Faithfulness Assumption. For this purpose, we make only the so-called Triangle-Faithfulness assumption, which is a fairly weak consequence of the Faithfulness assumption, and otherwise allows unfaithful distributions. In particular, we allow violations of Adjacency-Faithfulness and Orientation-Faithfulness. We show that the PC algorithm, a representative constraint-based method, can be made more robust against unfaithfulness by (...) incorporating elements of the GES algorithm, a representative score-based method; similarly, the GES algorithm can be made less error-prone by incorporating elements of the conservative PC algorithm. As our simulations demonstrate, the increased robustness seems to matter even when faithfulness is not exactly violated, for with only finite sample, distributions that are not exactly unfaithful may be sufficiently close to being unfaithful to make trouble. (shrink)

Modern theory of rationality has truly grown into a science of its own. Still, the general topic remained a genuinely philosophical one. This essay is concerned with giving a brief overview. Section 2 explains the fundamental scheme of all rationality assessments. With its help, a schematic order of the main questions concerning the theory of rationality can be given; the questions turn out to be quite unevenly addressed in the literature. Section 3 discusses the fundamental issue that the theory of (...) rationality seems to be both a normative and an empirical theory. Section 4, finally, shows how the unity of the theory of rationality can nevertheless be maintained. (shrink)

Künne outlines Bolzano’s attempt to give a definition of the concept of truth and asks whether Frege succeeded in showing that all such endeavours are doomed to failure. Bolzano and Frege are agreed that the schema ‘That p is true if, and only if, p’ captures an important feature of the concept of truth, and in different ways both went beyond this observation: Frege maintained that the two halves of such biconditionals express the same proposition, and Bolzano supplemented the equivalence (...) schema with ‘If it is true that p then it is true because p’. Künne locates this true-because principle in Bolzano’s general theory of grounding and explores whether Frege’s Identity Thesis can be refuted by appealing to it. (shrink)

The paper is based on ranking theory, a theory of degrees of disbelief (and hence belief). On this basis, it explains enumerative induction, the confirmation of a law by its positive instances, which may indeed take various schemes. It gives a ranking theoretic explication of a possible law or a nomological hypothesis. It proves, then, that such schemes of enumerative induction uniquely correspond to mixtures of such nomological hypotheses. Thus, it shows that de Finetti's probabilistic representation theorems may be transformed (...) into an account of confirmation of possible laws and that enumerative induction is equivalent to such an account. The paper concludes with some remarks about the apriority of lawfulness or the uniformity of nature. (shrink)

An abridged and translated edition of two of Wolfgang Ernst’s major works, representing the ambitious claim of a comprehensive knowledge-oriented analysis of media temporalities.

This paper investigates whether managerial rhetoric in the Management Discussion and Analysis section of 10-K filings can help gauge the level of managerial opportunism in a firm. We find that the use of trust-related words is connected to inefficient investment decisions and poor operating performance. Furthermore, firms making more frequent use of trust-related words are subject to less monitoring by institutional investors or analysts. Their accounting also relies more heavily on discretionary accruals. These results are consistent with the notion that (...) managerial rhetoric to advertise trustworthiness points towards agency problems plaguing the firm. (shrink)

The central claim of the paper is, roughly, that the fact that it looks to somebody as if p is a defeasibly a priori reason for assuming that p (and vice versa), for any person, even for the perceiver himself. As a preparation, it outlines a doxastic conception suitable to explicate this claim and explains how to analyse dispositions within this conception. Since an observable p has the disposition to look as if p, this analysis generalizes to the central claim (...) which is then argued to be at the bottom of coherentism. Thus, the defense of the claim supports coherentism as opposed to foundationalism and at the same time provides an answer to skepticism about the external world. (shrink)